Physiotherapy competitive exams

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Physiotherapy competitive exams Part-2

16.  Percentage of impairment in case of unilateral above knee amputee is 85%.

17.   Fine motor and function are Pinch

Fine motor skills:

Fine motor skills are activities in which use small muscles in the hands and wrists to make precise movements. They are different from gross motor skills like running and jumping, which use larger muscles. Gross motor skills involve movement of the larger muscle groups, like the arms and legs.

Examples of fine motor skills:

v Dialing the phone

v Pinch

v Turning doorknobs, keys, and locks

v Buttoning unbuttoning clothes

v Fastening snaps and buckles

v Brushing teeth and flossing

v Putting a plug into a socket

v Opening and closing zippers.

v Pushing

v Bending

v Scooping

v Kicking

v Dancing

v Scooting.

To improve child’s fine motor skills:

v Wake up, check your phone, eat some breakfast, make and pack some lunches, button the shirt or blouse, zip your pants, brush the teeth, comb your hair, pull on some socks, tie the shoe laces, turn the car key. So many things we do each day require fine motor skills that it’s easy to take them for granted and forget how vital they are.

v Developing those muscles (smaller muscles in hands, wrists, fingers, feet and toes) includes actions like grasping, holding, pressing, or using a pincer grip.

Play – dough:

Tactile play with good old favorite materials like play-dough is a great way for kids to experiment and build fine motor skills.

Puzzles:

Do puzzles together. Picking up and moving puzzle pieces into place helps develop pincer grip. Engage with and encourage the child as much as you can complete easy puzzles at first and then progressively harder one’s, doing this will improve their hand-eye skills, co-ordination and motor skills.

Drawing, coloring in and painting:

Encourage the child to draw and paint. This helps not only their fine motor skills, but also creativity and imagination too.

Using kitchen tongs or tweezers:

Create a game for kids can using a small pair of kitchen tongs or tweezers to pick up some small objects like sultanas, grapes, pasta, and buttons, coins into a bowl.

Cutting with scissors:

Using scissors is a great way to strengthen fine motor skills as well as improve hand-eye coordination and concentration. Make some paper snowflakes.

Bath time play:

Use cups to fill and pour out, sponges or squeaky rubber toys to squeeze. Using cups to fill and pour out is fantastic fun and also encourages sensory development.

Sand play:

Scoop and dig with spoons. Draw pictures and build things. If you are inside, magic or kinetic sand is a great alternative.

Build with blocks and LEGO:

Stack, connect and build things together with blocks and LEGO. These activities encourage pushing and pulling movements. Building with LEGO is an effective way to work and develop the child’s fine motor skills. Other skills children can learn from playing with LEGO include persistence, a sense of accomplishment and an improved ability to solve puzzles.

Eye dropper test:

Put some water a few glasses. Pour a few drops of food coloring in each glass, so that you have different colored water in each glass. Have a couple of empty bowls and glasses where kids can use an eye dropper to experiment with mixing different colored water together. Try using vinegar instead of water, and have a bowl of bicarbonate soda that will fizz up when the colored vinegar is dropped in.

Threading and lacing:

Thread different size pasta or beads onto strings, laces and pipe cleaners. Tie knots and bows in the string. Finger knitting is easy.

18.   Which group of athletes is more prone for sternoclavicular joint sprain Wrestlers.

Sternoclavicular sprain:

It is an injury to the joint where the clavicle meets the sternum.

Symptoms:

v Swelling, bruising, or tenderness over the joint.

v Limited range of motion in the arm.

v A crunching or grinding sound when try to move the arm.

v With an inflammatory condition, such as rheumatoid arthritis, you may have simultaneous pain in other joints in the body.

v Pain may radiate into the shoulder and it is likely there will be a visible bony lump over the joint.

19.   When held in supported standing, a 12months old spastic diplegic child on the tiptoes with toes curled up. This position is characteristic of Plantar grasp reflex.

Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy:

Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy is a form of cerebral palsy, a neurological condition that usually appears in infancy, and permanently affects muscle control and coordination. It is a form of cerebral palsy that is a chronic neuromuscular condition of hypertonia and spasticity manifested as an especially high and constant stiffness in the muscles of the lower extremities of the human body, usually those of the legs, hips and pelvis.

Causes:

v Spastic diplegia is caused by brain abnormalities or damage.

v In many cases, it stems from brain damage that occurs during the time of birth, i.e. a birth injury.

Symptoms:

v Spastic diplegia affects mainly the legs and sometimes the arms, making them stiff and contracted. This makes crawling and walking difficult, and most often, children will walk on their toes or with a wide scissor-like gait.

v Legs can also turn inwards and cross at the knees due to excessive muscle contractions. The upper extremities of the body may not be affected at all and may function normally.

Other symptoms:

v Toe walking.

v Flexed knees.

v Late motor milestones. Including walking delayed until age two to four.

20.   A handicapped person is eligible for concession if he or she has Not less than 40% disability.

21.   Heberden’s nodes are present in DIP joint.

Heberden’s nodes:

Heberden’s nodes are small, pea-sized bony growth that occur on the joint closest to the tip of the finger, also called the distal interphalangeal joint. Heberden’s nodes are a symptom of osteoarthritis of the hand.

Causes:

v Each joint in the body has a layer of cartilage that helps protect the bones. OA causes this layer of cartilage to gradually degrade, allowing the bones in the joints to make direct contact with each other. Over time, the bones can become damaged from scraping together.

v The body reacts to this damage by triggering the development of new bone formations, which are known as nodes.

v Heberden’s nodes are one type of bone formation that can develop on the fingers in severe cases of OA.

Symptoms:

v Pain, swelling and stiffness.

v Bumps at the ends of the fingers.

v Loss of motion.

v Enlarged, stiff fingers.

Other features of Heberden’s nodes:

v They can affect the fingers or thumb and are most common on the index and middle fingers.

v You may have more than one node on a finger.

v They can appear slowly or quickly.

v They are often, but not always, painful when they begin to appear.

v For older women with gout and hypertension and taking a diuretic, such as hydrochlorothiazide, gout can deposit crystals in the nodes, causing acute inflammation. It is a painful condition that’s erythematosus and may mimic an infection.

Physiotherapy for Heberden’s nodes:

v Physiotherapy is a drug-free and non-surgical treatment that has been proven to reduce arthritis pain.

v Stretching, strengthening, and range of motion exercises.

v Splinting or bracing.

v Cross-disciplinary pain-relieving therapies such as: Interferential current therapy or TENS, Hand therapy, Heat and cold therapy, Occupational therapy.

22.   A patient is diagnosed with herniated disc at L4. Which of the following will have the most weakness? Ankle dorsi flexors.

Herniated disc:

A herniated disc occurs when a portion of the nucleus pushes through a crack in the annulus. Symptoms may occur if the herniation compresses a nerve.

Causes:

v Wear and tear on the spine.

v Injury.

v A combination of degeneration and injury.

Symptoms:

v The escape of the disk’s inner section releases chemicals that can irritate nerves in the surrounding area and cause inflammation and pain.

v Numbness or tingling: This can happen when a herniated disc presses on the spinal cord or the nerves that exit the spinal cord. The unusual sensations may travel outwards along the nerve, into the arms or legs.

v Muscle weakness: When a herniated disk presses on a nerve, the muscles connected to the nerve may become weaker. This can cause stumbling when walking.

v Pain: This usually occurs in the back and may radiate out to the arms or legs. People sometimes describe the sensation as burning or sharp.

Lumbar spine:

v Sciatica/ Radiculopathy frequently results from a herniated disc in the lower back.

v Pressure on one or several nerves that contribute to the sciatic nerve can cause pain, burning, tingling and numbness that radiates from the buttock into the leg and sometimes into the foot.

v Pain may be more severe with standing, walking or sitting. Straightening the leg on the affected side can often make the pain worse.

Cervical spine:

v Cervical radiculopathy is the symptoms of nerve compression in the neck.

v Dull or sharp pain in the neck or between the shoulder blades, pain that radiates down the arm to the hand or fingers or numbness or tingling in the shoulder or arm.

23.   Microwaves are absorbed mostly in Blood vessels.

The blood vessels make up two closed systems of tubes that begin and end at the heart.

v One system, the pulmonary vessels, transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.

v The other system, the systemic vessels, carries blood from the left ventricle to the tissues in all parts of the body and then returns the blood to the right atrium.

Three types of blood vessels:

v Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

v Veins carry blood back towards the heart.

v Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.

Characteristics of Arteries:

v Located deep in the muscle.

v Have very thick walls.

v Carry blood from the heart to the organs.

v Carry oxygenated blood. Except for the pulmonary artery.

v Has a thick layer of muscle tissue in.

v Have no valves. Except for the pulmonary artery.

Characteristics of veins:

v Located closer to the surface of the body.

v Have thin walls.

v Carry blood towards the heart.

v Carry deoxygenated blood.

v Has a thin layer of muscle tissue in.

v Contain valves to keep blood flowing.

Characteristics of capillaries:

v Located inside all tissues.

v Have a very thin wall.

v Carry blood between veins and arteries.

v Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

v Don’t have muscle tissue.

v Don’t have valves.

24.  Which is better electrotherapy modality for stress incontinence? IFT.

v Interferential therapy is a commonly used modality in physiotherapy practice for pain relief.

v It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-Surgical pains.

v This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema.

Abstract:

In this report, a patient with severe shoulder pain was treated with interferential currents, a commonly used modality in physiotherapy for the management of pain. He reported loss of concentration, drowsiness, decreased alertness and gait disturbance, along with analgesia, for 4-5 h after each treatment. He was regularly taking tramadol HCL for pain relief. Endogenous opioids produced in response to interferential therapy may be excessive or may interact with the tramadol HCL and potentiate its effect. The clinician using interferential currents should be aware of this possible effect.

Indications of interferential therapy:

v Pain relief

v Back pain

v Vasoconstrictive disease

v Neck pain like cervical, and neck muscle spasm

v Relief of muscle spasm

v Knee pain like osteoarthritis of the knee

v Venous insufficiency

v Frozen shoulder pain

v Promote tissue healing

v Delayed union

v Relief from edema

v Pseudo arthrosis

v Re-education of deeply situated muscles

v Sudeck’s atrophy.

Contraindications of interferential therapy:

v Pace maker

v Bleeding area

v Advanced cardiac disease

v Body part with metal implants

v Pregnancy

v Loss of sensation, like in paralysis case

v Hypertension

v Recent fracture

v On chest wall in cardiac patients

v Thrombosis

v Hemorrhage

v Neoplasm

v Malignancy

v TB

v Skin infection

v Fever

v Infections

v The eyes

v Epiphyseal region in children.

Effects of interferential therapy on our body:

v IFT is actually a beat frequency current supplied over the muscle.

v It affects in two ways, it stimulates the muscle to contract.

v The second is it also affects the nerve that carries the pain sensation.

v It relieves body pain by the pain gate theory mechanism.

The bullet points of its effects:

v Pain relief – It gives instantaneous pain relief and a soothing effect.

v Muscle spasm relief – The continuous contraction and relaxation of muscle create a muscle pump effect thereby improving the blood circulation. Its massage effect relaxes the spasmodic muscle.

v Wound healing – Improved blood circulation helps in soft tissue repair.

v Swelling reduction – The muscle pump effect helps drastically in improving the swelling.

v Muscle relaxation.

25.   Pulleys are used to Make the work easy, Alter the direction of motion, Gain mechanical efficiency.

A pulley is a wheel that carries a flexible rope, cord, cable, chain, or belt on its rim. Pulleys are used singly or in combination to transmit energy and motion. Pulleys with grooved rims are called sheaves.

Types of pulleys:

v Fixed pulleys

v Movable pulleys

v Compound pulleys.