Cough

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Common Questions & Answers

191. What are some common causes and remedies for cough?

Ans:

Numerous things, such as respiratory infections, allergies, allergens, postnasal drip, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), asthma, and specific drugs, might make you cough. The underlying reason of a cough determines the best treatment. The following list of typical cough causes and potential treatments:

1.     Common cold or flu: Rest, drinking plenty of fluids, and over-the-counter expectorants can assist with cough symptoms.

2.     Allergies: Coughs brought on by allergies can be relieved by avoiding allergens like pollen or pet dander, using over-the-counter antihistamines, and utilizing nasal corticosteroids.

3.     Postnasal drip: You can lessen coughing caused by postnasal drip by drinking lots of fluids, using saline nasal sprays or rinses, and taking over-the-counter decongestants or expectorants.

4.     GERD: Managing cough brought on by GERD can be done by avoiding trigger foods (such as hot or acidic foods), eating smaller meals, avoiding lying down right after eating, and taking prescription medications, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

5.     Asthma: Controlling asthma-related coughing can be accomplished by adhering to an asthma action plan given by a medical expert, using prescribed inhalers (such as bronchodilators or corticosteroids), and avoiding triggers.

6.     Irritants: Coughing can be lessened by avoiding exposure to smoke, chemicals, or other environmental irritants. In polluted locations, using a mask or increasing ventilation may also be beneficial.

7.     Side effects of medications: If a cough is a side effect of a particular drug, talking to a doctor about possible substitute drugs or modifying the dosage may be essential.

It's crucial to keep in mind that these solutions are only ideas and might not work for everyone. For a correct diagnosis and a customized treatment plan, it is advised to see a healthcare provider if your cough persists, worsens, or is accompanied by severe symptoms.

192. How can allergies cause acid reflux in adults?

Ans:

In adults, allergies do not directly contribute to acid reflux. However, there are few instances in which symptoms of acid reflux and allergies might coexist. Let's investigate these links:

1.     Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE): EoE is a persistent esophageal allergy disease. It is characterized by the buildup of an inflammatory form of white blood cell called eosinophils in the esophagus. Acid reflux-like symptoms like heartburn, trouble swallowing, and chest pain can be brought on by EoE.

2.     Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Asthma and GERD frequently coexist. Acid reflux can make asthma symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath worse in those with the condition. Asthma symptoms can be brought on by or made worse by acid reflux, and the opposite is also possible: acid reflux symptoms can make asthma symptoms more likely.

3.     Postnasal drip: Allergies, especially to things like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander, can result in an increase in mucus production in the nose and sinuses. An issue known as postnasal drip can result from this extra mucus dripping down the back of the throat. Postnasal drip may aggravate acid reflux symptoms by irritating the esophageal lining.

4.     Medications: Antihistamines, decongestants, and corticosteroids, among other drugs used to treat allergies, may relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). A muscular ring called the LES divides the oesophagus from the stomach and works to stop stomach acid from rising back into the oesophagus. Acid reflux might worsen if the LES is compromised.

5.     Overlapping Symptoms: Coughing, sore throat, and a lump in the throat are all frequent symptoms of both allergies and acid reflux. Sometimes the symptoms are so similar between the two disorders that it is difficult to tell them apart.

While allergies might add to or exacerbate acid reflux symptoms, it's vital to remember that they are not the main cause of the condition. When the lower esophageal sphincter becomes weakened or breaks down, acid reflux happens, allowing stomach acid to flow back into the oesophagus. Acid reflux may also be influenced by additional elements like nutrition, obesity, smoking, and specific medical disorders. It is advised to see a doctor for a precise diagnosis and the best course of action if you have persistent symptoms of acid reflux.

193. What is colic? What is acid reflux?

Ans:

Two common illnesses that can affect infants are colic and acid reflux.

·        Infants who are otherwise healthy and well-fed go through spells of acute, frequently unrelenting sobbing known as colic. It is typically identified by sobbing spells that last three hours or longer each day, happen at least three days a week, and endure for at least three weeks. Colic's specific aetiology is unknown; however, it is thought to be related to a baby's immature digestive system, gastrointestinal pain, or increased sensitivity to stimuli. Colic usually begins in the first few weeks of life and usually gets better or goes away on its own by the time a baby is three to four months old.

·        Acid reflux, commonly known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), happens when stomach acid and other digestive juices flow back into the oesophagus. Infant reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are typical names for it when it affects young children. Infants frequently experience acid reflux, which usually goes away as the baby's digestive tract develops. Infants may experience discomfort and irritability as a result of it, and signs and symptoms may include fussiness, slow weight gain, frequent spitting up or regurgitation of milk or formula. By the time the child turns one, the majority of cases of infant acid reflux have improved.

·        While colic and acid reflux can be distressing for both parents and infants, it's important to remember that they are generally regarded as normal developmental problems and not major health concerns. However, it is always advised to visit a healthcare professional for a complete examination and assistance if you have worries about your baby's health or if the symptoms are severe or persistent.

194. Can you cook Biriyani without water (no rice)?

Ans:

Biryani is a traditional rice dish that typically requires rice as one of its main ingredients. However, if you want to prepare a biryani-like dish without using rice or water, you can try a variation using alternative ingredients. Here's a recipe for a rice-free biryani:

Ingredients:

Ø 500 grams boneless chicken or meat of your choice

Ø 2 cups cauliflower florets

Ø 1 cup chopped vegetables (carrots, peas, beans, etc.)

Ø 1 large onion, thinly sliced

Ø 2 tomatoes, finely chopped

Ø 2 tablespoons biryani masala powder

Ø 1 tablespoon ginger-garlic paste

Ø 1/2 cup yogurt

Ø 1/4 cup cooking oil or ghee

Ø Salt to taste

Ø Fresh coriander leaves for garnish

Ø Fried onions (optional) for garnish

Instructions:

1. Heat oil or ghee in a large pan or Dutch oven over medium heat.

2. Add the thinly sliced onions and sauté until they turn golden brown and caramelized.

3. Add the ginger-garlic paste and sauté for a minute until fragrant.

4. Add the chopped tomatoes and cook until they become soft and mushy.

5. Add the biryani masala powder and cook for a minute to allow the spices to release their flavours.

6. Add the boneless chicken or meat to the pan and cook until it is browned on all sides.

7. Add the cauliflower florets and chopped vegetables to the pan and mix well.

8. Reduce the heat to low and add the yogurt. Stir well to coat all the ingredients with the yogurt.

9. Cover the pan with a tight-fitting lid and cook on low heat for about 30-40 minutes, or until the meat is cooked through and the vegetables are tender. Stir occasionally to prevent sticking.

10. Once cooked, remove the lid and check for seasoning. Adjust the salt if needed.

11. Garnish the biryani with fresh coriander leaves and fried onions (if using).

This rice-free biryani recipe provides a flavourful alternative to the traditional dish by using cauliflower florets and vegetables in place of rice. The cooking time may vary depending on the type of meat and the size of the cauliflower florets, so make sure to check for doneness before serving.

 

 

 

 

 

Arthritis

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Orthopedics

41. Can arthritis cause eye problems?

Ans:

Eye issues are not directly brought on by arthritis. However, some types of arthritis, such rheumatoid arthritis (RA), have the potential to harm the eyes and cause particular issues that are related to the eyes. These issues are typically brought on by systemic inflammation, which can impact the eyes among other body organs.

Several eye conditions that may be related to arthritis include the following:

1.     Scleritis and episcleritis: The sclera, which is the white component of the eye, and the episclera, which is the tissue in between the sclera and conjunctiva, are both inflamed in scleritis and episcleritis. They may make your eyes red, hurt, and feel uncomfortable.

2.     Dry eyes: Arthritis-related inflammation may have an impact on the glands that produce tears, resulting in dry eyes. Dryness, irritability, a gritty sensation, and impaired eyesight are some symptoms.

3.     Uveitis: The central layer of the eye, or uvea, becomes inflamed. It may result in eye pain, light sensitivity, eye redness, and blurred vision. Uveitis necessitates immediate medical attention since it may result in problems that impair vision.

4.     Cataracts: Although not directly related to arthritis, cataracts may be more likely to develop in patients with specific forms of arthritis, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis or RA. Cataracts cause the lens of the eye to become cloudy, impairing vision.

5.     Glaucoma: The chance of developing glaucoma, a disorder marked by elevated pressure inside the eye, may be enhanced by arthritis drugs, particularly corticosteroids used to control inflammation. If untreated, glaucoma can cause damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.

Not everyone who has arthritis will develop eye issues, and both the frequency and seriousness of these difficulties might vary. An ophthalmologist should be consulted if you have arthritis and any eye-related symptoms in order to receive the appropriate diagnosis and care.

42. Are there any risk factors for developing arthritis?

Ans:

Yes, a number of risk factors contribute to the onset of arthritis. Although the precise origin of arthritis is not entirely understood, the following risk factors can raise a person's risk of getting the illness:

1.     Age: Ageing raises the likelihood of developing arthritis. The most prevalent type of arthritis, osteoarthritis, usually affects older persons since it can cause joint degeneration as a result of wear and tear on joints over time.

2.     Gender: Women are more likely to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis than males. Gout, a kind of arthritis, is more prevalent among men.

3.     Family history: Your risk may be increased if you have a history of arthritis in your family. Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are two kinds of arthritis that have a hereditary component.

4.     Previous joint injury: A prior joint injury, such as a fracture or ligament rupture, can make a joint more susceptible to developing arthritis in later life.

5.     Obesity: Carrying extra weight places additional strain on joints, especially those that support weight, including the knees and hips. This may speed up or slow down the onset of arthritis.

6.     Infections: Some types of arthritis can be brought on by specific infections, such as bacterial or viral infections. For instance, reactive arthritis may appear following a bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal or urinary tract.

7.     Workplace dangers: Some activities raise the chance of getting arthritis by requiring heavy lifting, repeated motions of the joints, or exposure to toxins that harm the joints.

8.     Autoimmune conditions: Arthritis is more likely to develop in people with autoimmune illnesses such lupus, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

9.     Smoking: Smoking has been associated with a higher chance of getting rheumatoid arthritis, especially in people who are genetically predisposed to the condition.

It's crucial to remember that the presence of one or more risk factors does not ensure the onset of arthritis. Numerous people who are at risk never get arthritis, while others who don't seem to be at risk yet might. Keeping a healthy lifestyle, controlling weight, and caring for your joints can help lower the risk and improve your overall joint health.

43. What are some exercises that can help with back pain caused by osteoporosis?

Ans:

Exercises that increase strength, flexibility, and posture while lowering the risk of fractures should be the main focus when treating back pain brought on by osteoporosis. However, it's crucial to speak with a medical expert or physical therapist who can offer tailored advice based on your unique condition. The following exercises are usually regarded as helpful for those with back discomfort caused by osteoporosis:

1.Walking: Regular walking can help to strengthen the muscles that support the spine, enhance overall bone density, and encourage good posture.

2.Swimming: Water workouts that use resistance without putting too much strain on the spine include swimming and water aerobics. These exercises are easy on the joints.

3. Core strengthening exercises: Doing activities to strengthen your core will assist support your spine and lessen back pain. Abdominal contractions, pelvic tilts, and modified planks are a few examples.

4. activities to increase flexibility: Stretching activities can improve flexibility and reduce back tightness. Flexibility and posture can be enhanced with gentle yoga postures, Pilates exercises, or tai chi motions.

5. Resistance training: When done correctly, light to moderate resistance workouts can help build stronger bones and muscles. Concentrate on back-specific workouts like rows, lat pulldowns, and modified push-ups.

6. Posture-enhancing exercises: Posture-enhancing exercises are crucial for easing back pain. Exercises and methods for improving posture include scapular retractions, wall slides, and shoulder blade squeezes.

7. Low-impact aerobics: Low-impact aerobic activities, such stationary bike or utilising an elliptical machine, can enhance general strength and boost cardiovascular health without placing undue stress on the spine.

Always start carefully, pay attention to your body, and steer clear of any workouts that make you feel pain or discomfort. To make sure you're executing the exercises correctly and safely, it's also best to work with a medical expert like a physical therapist.

44. What are the neck cervical symptoms?

Ans:

The neck area is referred to as the cervical portion of the spine, and symptoms associated with cervical problems might vary depending on the underlying reason. The following are some typical signs and symptoms of neck and cervical issues:

1.     Neck pain: The most typical symptom is neck pain, which may extend to the shoulders, arms, or head or remain localised. The discomfort may be throbbing, aching, or dull.

2.     Reduced range of motion and neck stiffness: Neck stiffness brought on by cervical issues can make it challenging to turn or move the head from side to side.

3.     Headaches: Cervicogenic headaches, which are neck-related headaches, can produce pain that starts in the neck and radiates to the temples, back of the head, or behind the eyes.

4.     Muscle weakness: Muscle weakness can result from irritation or compression of the nerves in the cervical area, which can affect the neck, shoulders, and arms. This could make it difficult to hold or raise objects.

5.     Numbness or tingling: Depending on which nerves are impacted, cervical nerve compression might result in tingling or numbness that spreads down the arm in a specific pattern.

6.     Radiating Pain: radiating Pain from the neck down into the shoulders, arms, and even fingers are a common symptom of cervical problems. Radiculopathy is the term used to describe this pain, which may also be accompanied by numbness or tingling.

7.     Coordination issues: In extreme circumstances, compression of the cervical spinal cord can cause issues with balance, coordination, and fine motor abilities.

It's crucial to keep in mind that these symptoms may also be a sign of other medical disorders, therefore a qualified medical professional's diagnosis is necessary to pinpoint the root of your symptoms and establish the best course of action.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gastric Problems

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Gastrology

8. Can you get a stomach virus from swallowing contaminated water?

Ans:

§  Yes, drinking contaminated water can result in catching a gastrointestinal bug. Norovirus and rotavirus are the most common viruses that cause stomach viruses, often known as viral gastroenteritis or stomach flu. These viruses can be found in diseased people or water sources that have been contaminated with faeces.

§  These viruses can infect your digestive tract and cause symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach discomfort, and even fever if you drink water that contains them.

§  The viruses can persist in water for a long time, especially in recreational water sources like lakes, rivers, and swimming pools.

§  It's crucial to practice good cleanliness, especially when it comes to drinking water and recreational water activities, to lower the chance of catching a stomach virus via polluted water.

§  Avoid ingesting water from sources that could be contaminated and instead drink clean, treated water from trustworthy sources. Additionally, maintaining cleanliness during food preparation and consumption as well as excellent hand hygiene might aid in limiting the transmission of stomach viruses.

9. What are the suggested remedies for gastric problems?

Ans:

Numerous digestive ailments, including indigestion, acid reflux, bloating, gas, and heartburn, can be referred to as gastric difficulties. Here are some broad treatments that may help with gastrointestinal issues, though it's crucial to check with a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and individualised treatment:

1.     Antacids available over-the-counter: By neutralising stomach acid, antacids can temporarily relieve heartburn and acidity.

2.     Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): PPIs can lower stomach acid production and treat illnesses including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They are available over-the-counter and by prescription.

3.     H2 blockers: These drugs can lessen the production of stomach acid and ease acid reflux and indigestion.

4.     Lifestyle modifications:

§  Instead of eating big meals, eat smaller, more regular meals.

§  Avoid foods like fatty and spicy foods, citrus fruits, coffee, and alcohol as they can exacerbate stomach symptoms.

§  Eat slowly and fully chew your food.

§  After eating, avoid reclining down or going to bed.

§  Keep a healthy weight and engage in regular exercise.

§  Stop smoking because it can make stomach problems worse.

§  Utilise methods to reduce stress, such as meditation, relaxation exercises, or therapy.

5.     Dietary Changes:

§  To improve digestion and prevent constipation, up your intake of fibre through fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

§  For better digestion and to stay hydrated, drink lots of water.

§  Avoid drinking with a straw and limit your intake of carbonated beverages, which can lead to bloating and excessive air consumption.

§  To identify and avoid items that cause your symptoms, think about maintaining a food journal.

6.     Herbal treatments:

§  Ginger: It might aid with nausea relief and inflammation reduction. You can drink ginger tea or include it in your meals.

§  Peppermint: Can relieve bloating and gas by relaxing the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. Common dosages include peppermint tea or enteric-coated peppermint pills.

§  Chamomile: Known for its relaxing effects, chamomile tea can treat indigestion by calming the stomach.

Keep in mind that these recommendations are generic and might not be appropriate for everyone. A healthcare professional should be consulted if you have severe or persistent stomach issues in order to receive an accurate diagnosis and a suitable course of therapy.

10. When is surgery necessary for GERD treatment?

Ans:

Chronic acid reflux, or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), is a disorder where stomach acid rushes back into the oesophagus. The majority of the time, dietary modifications, medication, and lifestyle changes can effectively control GERD. When other conservative therapies fail or difficulties occur, surgery could be considered as a treatment option. Here are some circumstances where GERD surgery may be required:

1.     Severe symptoms: If GERD symptoms are debilitating and continue after a change in lifestyle and medication, surgery may be advised. Constant heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, trouble swallowing, or a chronic cough are examples of symptoms that continue in spite of receiving the best medical care.

2.     Oesophageal complications: Oesophageal problems include oesophageal stricture (narrowing), Barrett's oesophagus (abnormal cell alterations), and oesophageal ulcers when GERD is left untreated or poorly managed for a prolonged period of time. Surgery may be a possibility to address these issues or lower the likelihood that they will arise.

3.     Side effects or medication intolerance: Some people may respond negatively to or be intolerant to the medications used to treat GERD. In some situations, surgery may be an alternative.

4.     Desire to stop long-term drug use: If a person wants to avoid long-term medication dependence, surgery can be an option to lessen or get rid of the need for medication.

5.     Failed medical management: Surgery may be advised if medical therapy is unable to control symptoms effectively or if the patient consistently has acute complications (such as significant bleeding or breathing issues).

The fundoplication is the name of the common surgical treatment for GERD. It includes tightening the lower oesophageal sphincter, which helps stop acid reflux, by wrapping the fundus—the upper section of the stomach—around the lower oesophagus. Open surgery or less invasive methods like laparoscopy or robotic-assisted surgery can both be used for this operation.

It's crucial to speak with a medical expert who can assess your unique circumstances and suggest the best GERD treatment alternatives.

11. How does the stomach's lining repair itself after sustaining damage or inflammation?

Ans:

Due to a number of mechanisms, the stomach's lining has an amazing capacity to heal itself after suffering damage or inflammation. Here is a general explanation of how the body heals:

1.     Cell renewal: Specialised cells termed epithelial cells, which frequently divide, make up the stomach lining. The lining is constantly replenished by the division of these cells. The division of epithelial cells aids in the replacement of lost or damaged cells and the preservation of the stomach lining's integrity.

2.     Production of Mucus: The surface of the stomach lining is covered with a coating of protective mucus. By acting as a barrier against the corrosive effects of stomach acid and digestive enzymes, this mucus layer protects the underlying tissues. The stomach produces more mucus in response to injury or inflammation to improve protection and aid in healing.

3.     Blood Supply: Sufficient blood flow is essential for tissue restoration. A dense network of blood arteries in the stomach carries oxygen, nutrients, and immune cells to the injured area. These resources help the body repair by providing vital elements for tissue regeneration.

4.     Growth Factors and Cytokines: Signalling molecules known as growth factors and cytokines are essential for tissue repair. They encourage cell migration, differentiation, and division, all of which are crucial for healing. Growth factors and cytokines help the body repair damaged tissue by encouraging the growth of new cells.

5.     Prostaglandins: Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds that play a key role in a variety of physiological processes, including the healing of damaged tissue. They support healing, regulate blood flow, and prevent damage to the stomach lining. NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines) can prevent the formation of prostaglandins, which may impede stomach repair.

It's crucial to remember that significant or ongoing damage to the stomach lining, such as that caused by gastritis or ulcers, may call for medical attention in order to facilitate healing. To lessen acid production or cure underlying infections, doctors may prescribe drugs such proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or antibiotics, allowing the stomach lining to repair more quickly. For a good diagnosis and suitable treatment, it is advisable to speak with a healthcare provider if you are worried about stomach damage or inflammation.