Primary vs post primary tuberculosis

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Common Questions & Answers

35. What is post-primary infection?

Ans:

§  A new or reactivated infection that develops following the establishment of a first, typically latent, TB infection is referred to as a "post-primary infection" in the context of tuberculosis (TB).

§  The immune system may be able to manage the infection and stop active disease from developing after a person is first exposed to TB bacteria.

§  However, the bacteria can become active and produce active TB illness if the immune system is compromised, either as a result of factors like starvation, HIV infection, or ageing. This is referred to as secondary or post-primary TB infection.

§  A post-primary TB infection can affect the lungs, bones, lymph nodes, and other organs in addition to being more severe than the first infection.

§  Additionally, it may be more challenging to identify and cure than the original infection. To avoid the emergence of post-primary TB infection, it is crucial to detect and treat TB infections as soon as feasible.

36. How does the Mediterranean diet help control cardiovascular diseases?

Ans:

§  The Mediterranean diet is renowned for its positive effects on health, especially for lowering the risk of heart disease. The Mediterranean diet can aid in the prevention and treatment of the following cardiovascular diseases:

§  The Mediterranean diet is rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which can be found in foods like olive oil, almonds, and fatty seafood. The risk of heart disease can be decreased by these fats by lowering LDL cholesterol levels, sometimes known as "bad" cholesterol.

§  Fruits, vegetables, and olive oil are just a few of the foods that are abundant in antioxidants in the Mediterranean diet. Antioxidants can lessen the risk of heart disease by preventing artery damage.

§  Minimal in processed foods: The Mediterranean diet has a minimal intake of added sugars and processed foods, which have been related to heart disease, high blood pressure, and obesity.

§  Moderate alcohol consumption: Red wine, a staple of the Mediterranean diet, has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease because it contains resveratrol, an antioxidant that may aid in heart protection.

§  In general, the Mediterranean diet is a nutrient-dense, well-balanced diet that emphasises whole foods and healthy fats. These elements can lower the risk of cardiovascular disorders, in addition to physical activity and stress reduction.

37. What is complementary immunotherapy for allergies?

Ans:

The term "complementary immunotherapy" (CIT) for allergies refers to a group of complementary therapies used in addition to the standard allergy immunotherapy (AIT) to help reduce allergy symptoms. These supplementary treatments could consist of:

1.     Acupuncture: To boost the immune system and relieve inflammation, small needles are inserted into predetermined body locations.

2.     Remedies made from herbs: Some plants, including butterbur and stinging nettle, may have antihistamine and anti-inflammatory qualities that might help lessen allergy symptoms.

3.     Probiotics: Some probiotic strains may aid in immune system modulation and lessen allergy symptoms.

4.     Vitamin supplements: Vitamins with anti-inflammatory qualities, like vitamin C and vitamin D, may help lessen allergic symptoms.

5.     Mind-body methods: Methods like yoga and meditation may help lessen anxiety and tension, which can worsen allergy symptoms.

The use of these complementary therapies should not replace conventional allergy immunotherapy or other medical treatments, despite the fact that they might provide some relief from allergy symptoms. It is always advisable to speak with a healthcare professional before beginning a new allergy treatment.

38. What is the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and heart disease?

Ans:

§  Heart disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are both linked to metabolic dysfunction and frequently co-occur.

§  NAFLD is a condition that does not result from drinking too much alcohol and involves the accumulation of extra fat in the liver. Along with insulin resistance, obesity, and high blood pressure, NAFLD patients may also have other risk factors for heart disease.

§  Recent studies have revealed that NAFLD and an elevated risk of heart disease are strongly linked, particularly in those with advanced stages of NAFLD, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

§  NAFLD can progress to NASH, which is marked by inflammation and liver cell destruction. This may result in liver fibrosis (scarring), which may later develop into cirrhosis and liver failure.

§  Numerous cardiovascular risk factors, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidemia (abnormally high blood fat levels), and obesity have been related to NAFLD and NASH. These risk factors may have a role in the onset of atherosclerosis, a condition in which artery plaque builds up and causes heart attacks and strokes.

§  In order to lower their risk of developing heart disease, people with NAFLD or NASH should adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management. They should also be screened for cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes.

39. What is the average duration of pericarditis in adults?

Ans:

§  Pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium (the delicate sac around the heart), can last for a variety of times, depending on the underlying cause and individual variables.

§  The normal course of acute pericarditis is between a few days to a few weeks, with an average of about 10 days. However, in some circumstances the inflammation may persist for several months, particularly if there are problems or underlying medical disorders.

§  Less often occurring chronic or recurring pericarditis can linger for several months to years.

§  To assist manage symptoms, avoid complications, and cut the duration of the ailment, it is crucial to receive the proper medical care for pericarditis.

40. How can you tell if a baby has heart disease?

Ans:

A baby may exhibit a number of indications and symptoms of cardiac disease, such as:

1.     Bluish skin or lips: A baby's skin or lips may seem blue if they have a cardiac issue that prevents enough oxygen from reaching their bloodstream.

2.     Babies with heart disease may have trouble eating because they get tired easily or have respiratory problems while doing so.

3.     Rapid breathing: A new-born who has heart disease may breathe more quickly than usual or laboredly, which may indicate that the heart is having difficulty supplying enough oxygen-rich blood.

4.     Poor weight gain: Because it takes more energy to pump blood, babies with heart disease may have trouble gaining weight, even when they are eating well.

5.     Sweating: As their heart strives to make up for the shortage of oxygen circulating in their body, a baby with heart disease may sweat profusely, especially during feeding or physical activity.

6.     Weakness or exhaustion: Because their body is working more than usual to pump blood and meet their body's oxygen requirements, a baby with heart disease may seem exhausted or lethargic.

It is crucial to seek examination and diagnosis from a paediatrician or paediatric cardiologist if you believe your infant may be exhibiting any of these signs or symptoms.